In Latin America, regional successes in malaria control have led to a shift in focus from malaria control to malaria elimination. Insecticide resistance is a rapidly emerging threat to global malaria control efforts 1, 2, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where the greatest burden of disease lies 3. This study lays the groundwork for further investigation of the role of the mosquito microbiota in insecticide resistance. albimanus, revealing associations between the microbiota and phenotypic resistance to the insecticide fenitrothion. We report and characterize for the first time whole metagenomes of An. Lower bacterial diversity was observed in FEN_Res compared to FEN_Sus, suggesting the enrichment of bacterial taxa with a competitive advantage in response to insecticide selection pressure.

Results showed differing composition of the microbiota and its functions between FEN_Res and FEN_Sus, with significant enrichment of OP-degrading bacteria and enzymes in FEN_Res compared to FEN_Sus. The microbiota of wild-caught Anopheles albimanus, an important Latin American malaria vector, that were resistant (FEN_Res) or susceptible (FEN_Sus) to the organophosphate (OP) insecticide fenitrothion were characterized and compared using whole metagenome sequencing.

Following evidence of microbiota-mediated insecticide resistance in agricultural pests, we undertook a comparative study of the microbiota in mosquitoes of differing insecticide resistance status. In light of the declining global malaria burden attained largely due to insecticides, a deeper understanding of the factors driving insecticide resistance is needed to mitigate its growing threat to malaria vector control programs.

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